Real-time FPGA based simulator enabled Hardware-In-the-Loop for fuzzy control dual-sources HESS

HATIM JBARI, Rachid Askour, Badr Bououlid Idrissi

Abstract


In this paper, a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) platform based real-time simulation, of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) control is proposed. The energy management strategy (EMS) is developed using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), designed and evaluated via software simulations, and embedded on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform. The HESS is built upon a fully active parallel topology, including a Li-ion battery considered as the primary source, and a supercapacitor (SC) used as the secondary source. The objective of this work is to evaluate initially, the performance of the proposed EMS, secondly, the validation of the FLC-EMS C code, developed and embedded in the NIOS II Core of FPGA’s Altera type. The validation of the developed code is performed by comparing the results obtained via the HIL with those of the software simulation. The HIL simulations of the proposed model and strategy were performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK, under ECE-15 cycle.

Keywords


Electric vehicle; FPGA; Fuzzy Logic Controller; Hardware-In-the-Loop; Hybrid Energy Storage System.

Full Text:

PDF

References


W. Obergassel, O. Lah, and F. Rudolph, “Driving towards transformation? To what extent does global climate governance promote decarbonisation of land transport?” Earth Syst. Gov., vol. 8, p. 100098, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2021.100098.

W. J. Requia, M. Mohamed, C. D. Higgins, A. Arain, and M. Ferguson, “How clean are electric vehicles? Evidence-based review of the effects of electric mobility on air pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions and human health,” Atmos. Environ., vol. 185, pp. 64–77, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.040.

Y. Gai, L. Minet, I. D. Posen, A. Smargiassi, L.-F. Tétreault, and M. Hatzopoulou, “Health and climate benefits of Electric Vehicle Deployment in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 265, p. 114983, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114983.

P. Spichartz, P. Dost, et C. Sourkounis, « Utilisation of Battery Electric Vehicles and Extended Range Electric Vehicles in a field test », in 2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Palermo, Italy, nov. 2015, p. 1168?1173. doi: 10.1109/ICRERA.2015.7418593.

A. Fotouhi, D. J. Auger, T. Cleaver, N. Shateri, K. Propp, et S. Longo, « Influence of battery capacity on performance of an electric vehicle fleet », in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Birmingham, United Kingdom, nov. 2016, p. 928?933. doi: 10.1109/ICRERA.2016.7884471.

O. Elma, Md. I. Adham, et H. A. Gabbar, « Effects of Ultra-Fast Charging System for Battery Size of Public Electric Bus », in 2020 IEEE 8th International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), Oshawa, ON, Canada, août 2020, p. 142?147. doi: 10.1109/SEGE49949.2020.9182031.

X. Zhang et al., “A novel quantitative electrochemical aging model considering side reactions for lithium-ion batteries,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 343, p. 136070, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136070.

S. Yang, Y. Hua, D. Qiao, Y. Lian, Y. Pan, and Y. He, “A coupled electrochemical-thermal-mechanical degradation modelling approach for lifetime assessment of lithium-ion batteries,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 326, p. 134928, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134928.

F. Savoye, P. Venet, M. Millet, and J. Groot, “Impact of Periodic Current Pulses on Li-Ion Battery Performance,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3481–3488, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2011.2172172.

D. Rimpas et al., “Energy management and storage systems on electric vehicles: A comprehensive review,” Mater. Today Proc., p. S2214785321058685, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.352.

Z. Bououchma and J. Sabor, “Online diagnosis of supercapacitors using extended Kalman filter combined with PID corrector,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. IJPEDS, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1521, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1521-1534.

R. S. Sankarkumar and R. Natarajan, “Energy management techniques and topologies suitable for hybrid energy storage system powered electric vehicles: An overview,” Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., vol. 31, no. 4, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12819.

D.-D. Tran, M. Vafaeipour, M. El Baghdadi, R. Barrero, J. Van Mierlo, and O. Hegazy, “Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 119, p. 109596, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109596.

S. T. Sisakat and S. M. Barakati, “Fuzzy energy management in electrical vehicles with different hybrid energy storage topologies,” in 2015 4th Iranian Joint Congress on Fuzzy and Intelligent Systems (CFIS), Zahedan, Iran, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/CFIS.2015.7391671.

S. B. Fahmy, S. E. Guirguis, O. M. Shehata, et E. I. Morgan, « Investigation of an Optimal Charging/Discharging Policy for Electric Vehicles Parking Station in a Smart Grid Environment », in 2020 8th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA), Moscow, Russia, nov. 2020, p. 138?143. doi: 10.1109/ICCMA51325.2020.9301484.

H. Yin, W. Zhou, M. Li, C. Ma, and C. Zhao, “An Adaptive Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management Strategy on Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrification, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 300–311, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TTE.2016.2552721.

H. Jbari, M. Haidoury, R. Askour, and B. Bououlid Idrissi, “Fuzzy Logic Controller for an EV’s Dual-Source Hybridization,” E3S Web Conf., vol. 297, p. 01039, 2021, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202129701039.

Y. Andika, V. Lystianingrum, and F. A. Pamuji, “Energy Management System Using Cascade Fuzzy for Hybrid Battery and Supercapacitor in Electric Vehicles,” in 2021 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology (GECOST), Miri, Malaysia, Jul. 2021, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/GECOST52368.2021.9538648.

« Multiphase Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles and Smart Grid Applications », ijSmartGrid, 2020, doi: 10.20508/ijsmartgrid.v4i2.102.g86.

X. Wang, D. Yu, S. Le Blond, Z. Zhao, and P. Wilson, “A novel controller of a battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for domestic applications,” Energy Build., vol. 141, pp. 167–174, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.041.

H. Hao, X. Guoqing, and Z. Yang, “Hareware-in-the-loop Simulation of Electric Vehicle Powertrain System,” p. 5.

R. Morello et al., “Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of FPGA-based state estimators for electric vehicle batteries,” in 2016 IEEE 25th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Santa Clara, CA, USA, Jun. 2016, pp. 280–285. doi: 10.1109/ISIE.2016.7744903.

J. J. Rodriguez-Andina, M. D. Valdes-Pena, and M. J. Moure, “Advanced Features and Industrial Applications of FPGAs—A Review,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 853–864, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TII.2015.2431223.

J. M. Blanes, R. Gutierrez, A. Garrigos, J. L. Lizan, and J. M. Cuadrado, “Electric Vehicle Battery Life Extension Using Ultracapacitors and an FPGA Controlled Interleaved Buck–Boost Converter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5940–5948, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2255316.

V. Shende, K. V. Singh, H. O. Bansal, and D. Singh, “Sizing Scheme of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Electr. Eng., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 879–894, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40998-021-00416-x.

M. V. Chung, D. T. Anh, P. Vu, and L. M. Nguyen, “Hardware in the loop co-simulation of finite set-model predictive control using FPGA for a three level CHB inverter,” Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst. IJPEDS, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 1719, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1719-1730.

A. Bouscayrol, P. Delarue, X. Guillaud, W. Lhomme, and B. Lemaire-Semail, “Simulation of a Wind Energy Conversion System using Energetic Macroscopic Representation,” in 2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC), Novi Sad, Serbia, Sep. 2012, p. DS3e.8-1-DS3e.8-6. doi: 10.1109/EPEPEMC.2012.6397362.

F. Giraud, A.-L. Allegre, A. Bouscayrol, K. Chen, B. Lemaire-Semail, and W. Lhomme, “Project-based teaching unit using energetic macroscopic representation to design drive controllers,” in 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Lille, France, Sep. 2010, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/VPPC.2010.5729099.




DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v12i2.12922.g8472

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Online ISSN: 1309-0127

Publisher: Gazi University

IJRER is cited in SCOPUS, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE (Clarivate Analytics);

IJRER has been cited in Emerging Sources Citation Index from 2016 in web of science.

WEB of SCIENCE in 2025; 

h=35,

Average citation per item=6.59

Last three Years Impact Factor=(1947+1753+1586)/(146+201+78)=5286/425=12.43

Category Quartile:Q4