Multi-Objective Optimal planning of Renewable Energy Sources & Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems using Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm

Venkata K Babu Ponnam, Swarnasri katragadda, Vijetha P

Abstract


This paper aims to examine the effect of the electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) loads on an unbalanced radial distribution system (URDS) voltage stability and losses. Further,  to determine the optimal placement of EVCSs & Distribution Generator (DG) for mitigating the losses & improving the voltage stability Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) algorithm proposes. HHO is a widespread swarm-based, gradient-free optimization technique based on the supportive action & hunting characteristic of Harris hawks in nature with numerous energetic phases of exploration & exploitation. The active, reactive power limits and different operational constraints of URDS consider while minimizing the losses. It observed that the unbalanced radial distribution network could survive the deployment of EVCSs at the vital buses up to a certain extent. However, the allocation of EVCSs at the weak buses of the network prevents the power system's stable operation. The analysis performs on the IEEE 25 bus Unbalanced radial distribution network for the placement of EVCS & DG.  In addition, HHO's superiority in terms of convergence characteristics compares to other modern heuristic algorithms.

Keywords


electric vehicle; charging station; distributed generator; optimal placement; Harris Hawk Optimization; unbalanced radial distribution system

Full Text:

PDF

References


Deb Sanchari, Kari Tammi, Karuna Kalita, Pinakeshwar Mahanta, "Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Load on Distribution Network", Energies, 11, no. 1:178, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010178. (Article)

Amin Mohsenzadeh, Samaneh Pazouki, Shahab Ardalan & Mahmoud Reza Haghifam, “Optimal placing and sizing of parking lots including different levels of charging stations in electric distribution networks”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2017, DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2017.1345010. (Article)

T.Ramana, V.Ganesh & S.Sivanagaraju, “Distributed Generator Placement and Sizing in Unbalanced Radial Distribution System”, Cogeneration & Distributed Generation Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2010, pp.52-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15453661009709862. (Article)

V.Janamala, U.Kamal Kumar & TKS.Pandraju, “Future search algorithm for optimal integration of distributed generation and electric vehicle fleets in radial distribution networks considering techno-environmental aspects”, SN Appl.Sci.3, 464, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04466-y. (Article)

R. Sanjay, T. Jayabarathi, T. Raghunathan, V. Ramesh & N.Mithulananthan, "Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation Using Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer", IEEE Access, Vol. 5, 2017, pp. 14807-14818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2726586. (Article)

Imran Ahmad Quadri, S. Bhowmick & D. Joshi, "A comprehensive technique for optimal allocation of distributed energy resources in radial distribution systems", Applied Energy, Vol. 211, 2018, pp. 1245-1260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.108. (Article)

S. Kayalvizhi, D.M. Vinod Kumar, "Optimal planning of active distribution networks with hybrid distributed energy resources using grid-based multi-objective harmony search algorithm", Applied Soft Computing, Vol. 67, 2018, pp. 387-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.03.009. (Article)

Ali Jabbary & Hossein Shayeghi, “Smart Imposing of Operational Limits in Optimizing the Technical and Economic Indexes of Distribution Network in Presence of Distributed Generation Sources”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2018.1492451. (Article)

A. Hajimiragha, CA. Canizares, MW. Fowler and A. Elkamel, "Optimal Transition to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Ontario, Canada, Considering the Electricity-Grid Limitations", IEEE .Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 2, 2010, pp. 690-701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2025711. (Article)

M.Etezadi-Amoli, K. Choma, and J. Stefani, “Rapid-Charge Electric-Vehicle Stations”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no.3,pp. 1883-1887, 2010.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2047874. (Article)

F. Xu, G. Q. Yu, L. F. Gu, and H. Zhang, “Tentative analysis of layout of electrical vehicle charging stations”, Proceeding of East China Electric Power,vol. 37, no. 10, 2009, pp.1677–82. (Conference Paper)

M. Satish Kumar Reddy & K. Selvajyothi, “Optimal placement of electric vehicle charging station for unbalanced radial distribution systems”, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1731017. (Article)

M. Dixit, R. Roy, "PSO-CFA based optimal placement of EVs in radial distribution network for loss minimization," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, March 5-7, 2015, pp.1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCT.2015.7225983. (Conference Paper)

G. Battapothula, Y. Chandrasekhar & M. Sydulu, "Multi-objective simultaneous optimal planning of electrical vehicle fast charging stations and DGs in distribution system", Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, Vol. 7, 2019, pp. 923–934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-018-0493-2. (Article)

G. Battapothula, C. Yammani & S. Maheswarapu, "Multiobjective optimal planning of FCSs and DGs in distribution system with future EV load enhancement", IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019, pp. 128-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-est.2018.5066. (Article)

M. S. K. Reddy, K. Selvajyothi, "Optimal Placement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Radial Distribution System along with Reconfiguration", 2019 IEEE 1st International Conference on Energy, Systems and Information Processing (ICESIP), Chennai, July 4-6, 2019, pp. 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICESIP46348.2019.8938164. (Conference Paper)

S. Ermis, M. Yesilbudak and R. Bayindir, "Optimal Power Flow Using Artificial Bee Colony, Wind Driven Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithms", 2019, 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2019, pp. 963-967, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA47325.2019.8996559. (Conference Paper)

M. Yesilbudak & A. Colak, "Integration Challenges and Solutions for Renewable Energy Sources, Electric Vehicles and Demand-Side Initiatives in Smart Grids", 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2018, pp. 1407-1412, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2018.8567004. (Conference Paper)

P. V. K. Babu and K. Swarnasri, "Adaptive PSO Technique for Optimal Placement and Sizing of DG in 3-Phase Unbalanced Radial Secondary Distribution System," 2019 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Green Technology (ICISGT), Visakhapatnam, India, 2019, pp. 85-854, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISGT44072.2019.00034. (Conference Paper)

Ali Asghar Heidari, Seyedali Mirjalili, Hossam Faris, Ibrahim Aljarah, Majdi Mafarja & Huiling Chen, "Harris hawks optimization: Algorithm and applications", Future Generation Computer Systems, Vol. 97, 2019, pp. 849-872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.02.028. (Article)

Ponnam Venkata K. Babu & K. Swarnasri, “Optimal integration of different types of DGs in radial distribution system by using Harris hawk optimization algorithm”, Cogent Engineering, vol.7, no. 1, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1823156. (Article)

Ponnam Venkata K Babu and K. Swarnasri, " Multi-Objective Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Radial Distribution System Using Teaching Learning Based Optimization", International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol. 10, No.1, pp. 366–377, 2020. (Article)

P. V. K. Babu, K. Swarnasri, P. Vijetha, “A three phase unbalanced power flow method for secondary distribution system”, Advances in Modelling and Analysis B, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 139-144, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ama_b.610306. (Article)

J. Kennedy, RC. Eberhart,“ Particle swarm optimization”, In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, vol 4., 1995, pp 1942–1948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968. (Conference Paper)

XS. Yang,“Flower pollination algorithm for global optimization”, In: International conference on unconventional computing and natural computation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32894-7_27. (Conference Paper)

RV. Rao, VJ. Savsani, DP. Vakharia, “Teaching–learning-based optimization: a novel method for constrained mechanical design optimization problems”, Comput Aided Des 43(3):303–315, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2010.12.015 (Article)

C.H. Prasad, K. Subbaramaiah, & P. Sujatha, “Cost–benefit analysis for optimal DG placement in distribution systems by using elephant herding optimization algorithm”, Renewables: Wind, Water and Solar, 6(1), 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40807-019-0056-9. (Article)

CM. Topaz, AJ. Bernoff, S. Logan, W. Toolson, “A model for rolling swarms of locusts”, Eur Phys J Spec Top 157:93–109,2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2008-00633-y. (Article)

XS. Yang, S. Deb, “Cuckoo search via Lévy flights”, In: Proceedings of world congress on nature and biologically inspired computing. IEEE Publications, USA, 2008, pp 210–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/NABIC.2009.5393690. (Article)

FOBA KAKEU Vinny Junior, BOUM. Alexandre Teplaira, MBEY. Camille Franklin, "Optimal Reliability of a Smart Grid", International Journal of Smart Grid, Vol.5, No.2, June, 2021. (Article)

M. Gilbert, Naiman Shililiandumi, Honest Kimaro, "Evolutionary Approaches to Fog Node Placement in LV Distribution Networks", International Journal of Smart Grid, Vol.5, No.1, March, 2021. (Article)




DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v12i1.12653.g8373

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Online ISSN: 1309-0127

Publisher: Gazi University

IJRER is cited in SCOPUS, EBSCO, WEB of SCIENCE (Clarivate Analytics);

IJRER has been cited in Emerging Sources Citation Index from 2016 in web of science.

WEB of SCIENCE in 2025; 

h=35,

Average citation per item=6.59

Last three Years Impact Factor=(1947+1753+1586)/(146+201+78)=5286/425=12.43

Category Quartile:Q4